T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders following allogeneic bone marrow transplant: A report of two cases and a literature review

Authors

Nicholas Prabhakar, Advocate Health - MidwestFollow
Harrah Chiang, Advocate Health - MidwestFollow
Irma Munoz Verdugo, Advocate Health - MidwestFollow
Ari Hakimian, Advocate Health - MidwestFollow
Shams Bufalino, Advocate Health - MidwestFollow
Jacob Bitran, Advocate Health - MidwestFollow

Recommended Citation

Prabhakar N, Chiang H, Munoz Verdugo I, Hakimian A, Bufalino S, Bitran J. T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant: A Report of Two Cases and a Literature Review. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e59901. Published 2024 May 8. doi:10.7759/cureus.59901

Affiliations

Advocate Lutheran General Hospital

Abstract

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are a commonly occurring condition following solid organ transplantation (SOT) and, rarely, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). As the name suggests, a PTLD is a condition where there is a clonal proliferation of lymphoid cells that occurs as a complication after transplantation. Though the clonal origin cell is primarily associated with the B-cell lineage, there are existing cases in the literature describing PTLD from the T-cell lineage. Large granulocytic leukemia (LGL) is one rare T-cell lineage subtype that typically progresses with a passive clinical course and is discovered with leukocytosis and peripheral blood smears demonstrating large granules in lymphocytes.

In this study, we describe two patients initially diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who were both found to have T-cell PTLD after undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. One was found with a clonal expansion of T-cells on flow cytometry and the other with LGL on peripheral blood and flow cytometry. This discovery was made at 16 and 20 months after their transplant respectively. Distinguishing factors for these two patients are demonstrated by the derivation of lymphoproliferative disorder from graft vs. host disease (GVHD) or viral etiology, which is significant as both of which have been shown to be associated with PTLD. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) positivity have been shown to be associated with PTLD, and both our patients were EBV-negative but had harbored prior CMV infections. Additionally, they had a benign course with no development of cytopenias or symptoms since the time of diagnosis.

These two cases add to the growing literature that is working to better characterize the rare development of LGL and, in general, T-cell PTLD following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Type

Article