TGF-β1 Increases Resistance of NIH/3T3 Fibroblasts Toward Apoptosis Through Activation of Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 Pathways

Authors

Ulugbek Negmadjanov, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Alisher Holmuhamedov, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Larisa Emelyanova, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Hao Xu, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Farhan Rizvi, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Gracious R. Ross, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
A. Jamil Tajik, Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Health CareFollow
Yang Shi, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Ekhson Holmuhamedov, Aurora Research InstituteFollow
Arshad Jahangir, Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute; Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Health CareFollow

Publication Date

11-11-2016

Keywords

fibroblasts, TGF-β1, stress kinases, Smad2/3, apoptosis, cell death, NIH/3T3, caspase, Erk1/2, Akt

Abstract

Purpose

Excessive fibrosis has been suggested to result from persistence of fibroblasts in injured tissue due to impaired apoptosis, but signaling pathways are not fully defined.

Methods

Suppression of apoptotic cell death following transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) exposure was studied using the culture of NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Caspase-3 activity, propidium iodide staining and annexin V binding induced by Fas-ligand (FasL) in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in the absence and presence of TGF-β1 was determined, and relative contribution of signaling through Smad2/3 and noncanonical Erk1/2 and Akt pathways was dissected by assessing phosphorylation status of these kinases and caspase activity in the absence and presence of specific inhibitors (SB431542, PD0325901 and LY294002), respectively.

Results

TGF-β1 treatment suppressed FasL-mediated fibroblasts apoptosis with a greater than threefold reduction of caspase-3 activity (from 894 ± 186 to 195 ± 56 nmol AFC/min/10⁶ cells at 250 ng/mL of FasL) and reductions in cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-3 by 3.2-fold and 4.3-fold, respectively. The reduction in caspase activation was accompanied by a decrease in annexin V-positive cells by ~80%. TGF-β1 treatment phosphorylated Smad2/3, Erk1/2 and Akt, which were reduced by their selective inhibitors. Inhibition of Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 alone partially reduced the protective effect of TGF-β1 on caspase-3 activation, whereas inhibition of the Akt pathway had no significant effect. Concomitant inhibition of Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 completely reversed the protection by TGF-β1.

Conclusions

TGF-β1-mediated suppression of apoptosis in fibroblasts involves both Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 pathways, but not the Akt pathway. A combined approach inhibiting Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 pathways can completely reverse the protective effect of TGF-β1 on apoptosis. These findings are proof of concept to help define strategies to reduce progression of fibrosis and resultant morbidities associated with conditions causing excessive fibrosis, including but not limited to keloid formation, transplant fibrosis and aging-associated fibrosis of the heart.

Recommended Citation

Negmadjanov U, Holmuhamedov A, Emelyanova L, Xu H, Rizvi F, Ross GR, Tajik AJ, Shi Y, Holmuhamedov E, Jahangir A. TGF-β1 increases resistance of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts toward apoptosis through activation of Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 pathways. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2016;3:187-98. doi: 10.17294/2330-0698.1407